iBT閱讀A版 week 5 投影片

TOEFL IBT Reading week 5
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Simplification Q.
 same essential meaning
 X contradict
 X leave out

Joe got the job.
This surprised everybody.

It was common to think of crafts in terms of function.
This led to crafts’ being known as the “applied arts.”

 regardless of
 in spite of
 against
 even with
 in the face of
 in the teeth of
 notwithstanding




It is important for the whole building to shake together, rather than have different segments shake at different frequencies, and steel bars can be used to create this kind of structural continuity.
rupt = break
 eruption
 erupt
 eruptive
 interrupt
 interruption
 rupture
 bankrupt
 bankruptcy
 corrupt
 corruption
 disrupt
 disruption

With some three trillion craters of one-meter diameter or more and innumerable smaller ones, the surface of the moon is like a chronicle of interplanetary traffic over the past three billion years.

The possible discovery of ice on the moon’s south pole in 1996 and ongoing research into the moon’s potential role as a midway station for interplanetary missions of the future maintain the interest of both astronomers and laypersons alike.
tain, ten, tin = keep, hold
 maintain
 contain
 content
 tenable
 abstain
 attain
 attainment
 detain
 detention
 retain
 sustain
 sustenance

Insert Q.
 the logic of the passage
 grammatical connections (eg. pronoun)
 frequently used connecting words

All three of them have strengths and weaknesses, but none adequately answers all of the questions the paintings present.

 inception
 beginning
 birth
 commencement
 dawn
 initiation
 origin
 outset
 start

As of the mid-1990’s, the entire Internet encompassed millions of computers in over 130 countries across the world.

Camera operators often complained of the heat inside.

Although the purposes for which these early censuses were used can only be surmised, a later example was associated with a known historical incident.
Native American Populations
1. Debate: NAP before Columbus
2. 19th C: NAP great before Columbus
3. James Mooey: NAP 1.5 million
4. European X reduce NAP
5. Others: NAP huge before Columbus
6. Debate because Europeans
 good in history & civilization
or  bad for NAP


Throughout the nineteenth century, Native Americans spoke often of the great days before Columbus and the wave of European settlers when there were many more people in their tribes.

preposterous

implausible

 pestilence
 plague
 epidemic
 pestilence
 visitation
 scourge
 catastrophe
 calamity
 disaster


 holocaust
 genocide
 annihilation
 massacre
 devastation


But in the 1960s and 1970s, scholars discovered that the early tribes had been catastrophically decimated by European plagues not long after the arrival of Columbus--that the numbers Europeans observed even in the late 1500s were already dramatically smaller than the numbers in 1492.

……was a great advance in the history of civilization or
an unparalleled devastation that virtually exterminated a large and flourishing native population.
Native American Populations
1. Debate: NAP before Columbus
2. 19th C: NAP great before Columbus
3. James Mooey: NAP 1.5 million
4. European X reduce NAP
5. Others: NAP huge before Columbus
6. Debate because Europeans
 good in history & civilization
or  bad for NAP

ject, jet, jac = throw
 projection
 project
 projectile
 eject
 ejection
 ejective
 inject
 reject
 conjecture
 deject
 dejected
 trajectory

adversarial
Arbitration and Mediation
1. dispute resolution
2. Arbitration, like a trial
3. A: used when you don’t think you could win a formal lawsuit.

Arbitration and Mediation
1. dispute resolution
2. Arbitration, like a trial
3. A: used when you don’t think you could win a formal lawsuit.

Arbitration is a formal process of dispute resolution somewhat like a trial. There are stringent rules of evidence, cross-examination of witnesses, and the process results in a legally binding decision. The arbitrator takes a more active role than a judge, however, and is not as constrained by precedent. The arbitrator is more interested in resolving the dispute rather than strict application or interpretation of the law.

 conciliate
 reconcile
 pacify
 appease
 mediate


coalesce
 blend
 amalgamate
 combine
 fuse

 incorporate
 merge
 mix

intransigence
intransigent

M’s advantage
1. quicker/ cheaper than courts
2. compromise  cooperation
3. faster than appeals
4. satisfy many parties


Furthermore, mediation represses or denies certain irreconcilable structural conflicts, giving the impression of equality between disputants when none really exists