IBT 托福閱讀 B版 week 8投影片

IBT 托福閱讀 B版 week 8
白樺老師授課
部落格：http://silverenglish.blogspot.com/
單字練習網站：http://www.geocities.com/silver_birch_tw/
老師email: silver_birch_tw@yahoo.com
Reading to learn Q.
1. organization & purpose
2. a mental frame work
3. major / minor points
4. rhetorical functions
Fill in a table Q.
 rhetorical functions
 slightly more detailed outline
 X: minor details & examples

wrong answers
1. not mentioned
2. Not directly relevant
3. incorrect generalizations
4. incorrect conclusions
Cunningham
 Cunningham, change dance history
 C's music career
 Chance: by I Ching

repeal
revoke
abolish
annul
nullify
invalidate
Although chance operations were considered an abrogation of artistic
responsibility by some, Cunningham saw it as a thrilling new process
of creating art that was previously unfeasible with conventional
choreography.
Cunningham
 C, change dance history
 C's music career
 Chance: by I Ching

In this fashion, chance operations are similar to improvisation, a
tool used by many performing artists.
Eating disorders
1. 3 eating disorders: O, BN, AN
2. O: too fat
3. O causes (biologically, social factors)
4. AN: a very restrictive diet
5. An: starving & symptoms
6. BN: coexit in O & AN

Arbitration and Mediation
1. dispute resolution
2. Arbitration, like a trial
3. A: used when you don't think you could win a formal lawsuit.
Arbitration and Mediation
1. dispute resolution
2. Arbitration, like a trial
3. A: used when you don't think you could win a formal lawsuit.

Relative and Absolute Dating
1. Paleontology & paleoanthropology: date chronology
2. R & A
3. R: X
4. A: more precisely
5. one method: carbon-14
6. most common method for A: potassium-argon dating
7. R & A : researchers understand the relationship between ancient
living creatures.

The methods of Weather Prediction
 weather prediction
 1st, most simple: persistence M.
 2nd, trends M., similar to persistence, but uses different information
 climatology M. in a certain time frame
 more complex, analog M.
 NWP

The climatology method is a very simple way to forecast weather
conditions in a certain timeframe. To do this, information about a
specific timeframe is gathered every year. After taking the average of
that information, a weather condition is predicted for the next
occurrence of the same timeframe.

10.
 mistaken
 faulted
 imperfect
 strengthened

It may appear that this method is only ideal for short-term forecasts.
Geology & landscape
1. constructive & destructive
2. Hills & mountains: short-lived
3. Plates  mountains
4. Destructive forces
5. Weather
6. Ice & frost

terrain
terrace
territory
extraterrestrial

incarnation
incarnate
Geology & landscape
1. constructive & destructive
2. Hills & mountains: short-lived
3. Plates  mountains
4. Destructive forces
5. Weather
6. Ice & frost

Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence,
successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact
they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.

Under different climatic conditions, another type of destructive force
contributes to erosion.
Geology & landscape
1. constructive & destructive
2. Hills & mountains: short-lived
3. Plates  mountains
4. Destructive forces
5. Weather
6. Ice & frost

ibt閱讀B版第七週投影片

IBT 托福閱讀 B版 week 7
白樺老師授課
部落格：http://silverenglish.blogspot.com/
單字練習網站：http://www.geocities.com/silver_birch_tw/
老師email: silver_birch_tw@yahoo.com
Reading to learn Q.
1. organization & purpose
2. a mental frame work
3. major / minor points
4. rhetorical functions

Summary Prose Q.
 same essential meaning
 it will not match any particular sentence from the passage.
lithography stone
The Horned Toad
 At first sight: intimidating
 the most surprising feature: defensive mechanisms

 belie
 because
 beloved
 bewitch
 beguile
 besiege
 bewilder (v.)

 insulate A from B
 shield A from B
 isolate A from B
 cocoon A from B

This prevents it from losing too much body heat while it sleep.
coins
 coins: for a long time
 tell important stories about ancient cultures
 yield information of a political or cultural nature
 Today, far more valuable than their weight or metals they contain

 plunder
 loot
 raid
 sack
 rob
The founder of woman's suffrage movement
 Founder wasn't able to see woman's suffrage ratified.
 Founder=Susan B. Anthony, her early history
 Anthony and Stanton
 Anthony persisted

The new law granted women the right to own property, run businesses,
and manage their own finances.

 impetus
 incentive
 catalyst
 goad
 spur
El Niño
 Meteorological research: El Niño  weather disturbances
 The definition of El Niño
 The 1983 one: the most severe  scientists research

World Economy
 Economy = society
 Most primitive form: hunter-gather economy
 Barter economy
 Adam Smith define economy as the combination of supply, demand, and
the division of labor.
 Marx & Engels defined capitalism….
 today: capitalism vs. state-controlled & centralized economy

The meaning of economy at this time was truly trading.
19th politics in the US
1. modern presidency: Andrew Jackson
2. Jackson's second term: Whig party
different from Democrats
3. W: like market
4. D: limited government

 immeasurably
 immeasurable

 sap
 weaken
 deplete
 drain
 exhaust

 inclination
 tendency
 disposition
 predisposition
 proneness

The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas
that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats
dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and
languishing economically.

This new party argued against the policies of Jackson and his party in
a number of important areas, beginning with the economy.
19th politics in the US
1. modern presidency: Andrew Jackson
2. Jackson's second term: Whig party
different from Democrats
3. W: like market
4. D: limited government

Expression of emotions
1. All the same around the world
2. Experiments confirm
3. Psychological research: facial reflect emotional states
4.  facial-feed-back hypothesis
5. Link between facial & emotions?
6. Ekman's example

despondent
barring the teeth

The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how
they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called
for basic emotional responses.

 concerning
 about
 regarding
 as regards
 respecting
Expression of emotions
1. All the same around the world
2. Experiments confirm
3. Psychological research: facial reflect emotional states
4.  facial-feed-back hypothesis
5. Link between facial & emotions?
6. Ekman's example

 The preparation time needed depends on your English proficiency.

This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by
using rather simple methods.
Expression of emotions
1. All the same around the world
2. Experiments confirm
3. Psychological research: facial reflect emotional states
4.  facial-feed-back hypothesis
5. Link between facial & emotions?
6. Ekman's example

Spot The Fake Smile
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys/smiles/

托福B版第六週提到的影片

華氏911的預告片



華氏451的預告片 (從服裝和講話的方式可以看出來是很久以前)

IBT 托福閱讀 B版 week 6投影片

IBT 托福閱讀 B版 week 6
白樺老師授課
部落格：http://silverenglish.blogspot.com/
單字練習網站：http://www.geocities.com/silver_birch_tw/
老師email: silver_birch_tw@yahoo.com
Next week
 bring your text book and official guide
 p. 101: Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States
 p. 111: The Expression of Emotions
Insert Q.
 the logic of the passage
 time sequence
 grammatical connections (eg. pronoun, this….)
 signal words

■出國前我是新聞記者，出國後我轉行攻讀MBA。當所有台灣同學大學唸的都是財金本科系，絲毫沒有經濟統計會計基礎的我，光是看精裝原文課本的書皮就眼冒金星。這還是其次，反正幾個專業科目拼命咬牙苦讀就過了，頂多是分數比別人難看些。
■最恐怖的是MBA是個強迫社交的科系。找暑期實習時眾多的企業說明會和社交活動，都強調要努力networking，和老美雇主打成一片，搶機會發言還不能用錯文法表錯情，以免被選人才講究語言溝通能力的企業代表從面試名單中刷掉。當同學圍成一圈開始「妳是西北畢業的？那妳一定認識經濟系的娜塔麗‧
強森？」 ■ 「啊真巧，我以前也在紐約萊雅的行銷部工作」，天南地北攀親帶故，我好比歐巴桑誤闖「我愛黑澀會」錄影現場，明明每一個字都都懂，就是搭不上腔。整晚假笑到臉僵，猛啜香檳想著下一個問題要問什麼才顯得聰明又風趣。
■
from: http://blog.pixnet.net/cwyuni

The potential magnitude of even such a modest temperature change can
be understood when one considers that the overall world temperature
during the last ice age was only four degrees cooler than it is now.

 Celsius
 Fahrenheit

Moreover, the brains of dolphins continue to grow in size much later
in life than do human brains, suggesting they grow smarter as they get
older.

 surpass
 surge
 surmise
 surplus

But brain size cannot be the only indicator of intelligence. Studies
of parrots, whose brains are the size of walnuts, have shown them to
be remarkably intelligent animals capable of understanding and
communicating abstract ideas, and lions, whose brain-body mass ratio
is higher than that of the common crow, are nonetheless incapable of
the former's impressive problem solving ability.

Although the quartz clock, invented in 1927, came very close, the most
reliable source was not found until 30 years later.

 200 yrs ago: mechanical clock
 pendulum clock

 disparity
 difference

This discovery as well as the inherent imperfections of pendulum
clocks instigated a search for the perfect timepiece—one that was free
from interference, be it gravitational, frictional, or otherwise.

 200 yrs ago: mechanical clock
 pendulum clock
 1957, atomic clock

 oscillate
 fluctuate
 see-saw (v.)

The introduction of atomic clocks, which display an error of only plus
or minus one second in a million years, made possible incredibly
accurate time measurements, and forever divorced time from the
rotation of the earth.

 by-product
 spin-off
 side-effect

 proponent
 advocate

Farmers in the area received it with great welcome, and the idea
gained popularity across the nation.
provided
 provided that
 providing
 as long as
Given….
 Given + N.
 given that + 子句
 considering + N.

Even the earth's natural defense, its magnetic field, is far too weak
to resist energy blasts of such magnitude.
growth rate decline
 a drop in the death rate
 birthrate fluctuate

This ebb in the tide of births was undoubtedly due to the financial
and social crises caused by the worldwide economic depression (the
Great Depression).
growth rate decline
 a drop in the death rate
 birthrate fluctuate
 financial & social crises
 worldwide economic depression

Note, however, that it was the rate of growth that declined over this
50-year period, and not the actual population itself, which has never
ceased to climb.

Greenland
 prehistory: home to Paleo-Eskimo cultures
 800-1300AD: climate change

 500yrs later, Scan. vanished because…..
 1721: Denmark-Norway
 1931: Norway East Greenland
 Until 1940: protected & isolated

 after 1946

………, and when the Norwegian kings converted their domains to
Christianity, a bishop was installed in Greenland as well, subordinate
to the archdiocese of Nidaros.

It has been suggested that cultural practices, such as spurning fish
as a source of food and reliance solely on livestock ill-adapted to
Greenland's climate caused recurring famines, which along with
environmental degradation resulted in the abandonment of the Greenland
Norse colony.

 sovereignty
 domination
 supremacy

 comprehensive
 encyclopedic
 exhaustive
 inclusive

However, Greenland was not content being isolated.
Greenland
 prehistory: home to Paleo-Eskimo cultures
 800-1300AD: climate change

 500yrs later, Scan. vanished because…..
 1721: Denmark-Norway
 1931: Norway East Greenland
 Until 1940: protected & isolated

 after 1946

 propagate
 reproduce
 breed
 multiply
 propagate
 spread
 circulate
 disseminate
 promote
 promulgate
Japan
 great because learn from others
 from China/Han & Tang
3. education
4. Buddhism
5. Confucianism
6. Chinese civilization
7. Not welcome totally
8. today: good in every area

When it was preached and spread throughout the nation, the native
Japanese traditions were forced to define themselves as an alternative
to the Chinese influence.

 permeate
 pervade
 infiltrate
 penetrate
 saturate

It is true that Chinese influence is discernible in a lot of Japanese
culture, but they were themselves evolving and had developed into a
very different Japanese system and culture.

This fondness for the Chinese culture spanned into many aspects of the
Japanese culture.
Japan
 great because learn from others
 from China/Han & Tang
3. education
4. Buddhism
5. Confucianism
6. Chinese civilization
7. Not welcome totally
8. today: good in every area
Next week
 bring your text book and official guide
 p. 101: Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States
 p. 111: The Expression of Emotions

IBT 托福閱讀 B版 week 5

IBT 托福閱讀 B版 week 5
白樺老師授課
部落格：http://silverenglish.blogspot.com/
單字練習網站：http://www.geocities.com/silver_birch_tw/
老師email: silver_birch_tw@yahoo.com
Simplification Q.
 choose the essential meaning
 never more than one Q.

 Which of the following best expresses the essential information in
the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning
in important ways or leave out essential information.
tips
 S, V
 pronoun
 signal words

peril
 danger
 risk
 hazard
 jeopardy
promise
 quicker and cheaper
 compromise and understanding
 further cooperation
 solve problems faster
rancorous
 bitter
 acrimonious
peril
 tie up the process
 a tyranny of the minority

Furthermore, mediation represses or denies certain irreconcilable
structural conflicts, giving the impression of equality between
disputants when none really exists.
peril
 tie up the process
 a tyranny of the minority
 no equality
 unfair outcomes

One problem with the standard compound microscope is an issue with the
depth of field the mechanism is capable of revealing.

Depth of field is the visible zone of acceptable sharpness of the
study object and a limited depth of field makes viewing anything but
extremely flat objects with a standard compound microscope terribly
difficult.

Although, since magnification and depth of field are inversely
related, these microscopes are limited to a mere 100X magnification,
they are extremely useful.
inverse
 opposite
 contrary
 converse
 reverse
of note
 of consequence
 very important
 worth mentioning
 well-known
provided
 provided that
 providing
 as long as

Classical mechanics deals with the motion of objects provided they are
not moving extremely fast (discussed in the theory of relativity) or
not extremely small (discussed in the theory of quantum mechanics.)

With such divergent physical results for particles at the quantum
level, a new branch of physics, quantum mechanics, opened and it has
become one of the major theories for today's physicists.
immense
 huge
 enormous
 colossal
 gigantic
 extensive

Hunter-gather societies tend to be mobile as they are reliant on a
given natural environment to provide sufficient resources in order to
sustain their population.

The idea of "I Ching" greatly attracted Cunningham, which furthered
him to create a work named "Untitled Solo." In this dance, Cunningham
created a series of movements written on scraps of paper for the legs
and the arms. These movements were then performed in a quasi-random
fashion with the music, but not to the music.

 Cunningham listened to I-Ching first, and then choreographed in a
semi-random order to the music in Untitled Solo.
 Cunningham listened to Untitled Solo first, and then choreographed
in a semi-random order according to I-Ching's indications on legs and
arms.

 Influenced by I-Ching, the choreography in Untitled Solo, scraped by
Cunningham responded to the music in a semi-random order.
 In Untitled Solo, inspired by I-Ching, Cunningham choreographed
movements responded with the music in a semi-random order.
Asexual Reproduction
 only one parent, definition
 rare in multicellular organisms; why?
 consequence
 species having asexual reproduction
gamete
Asexual Reproduction
 only one parent, definition
 rare in multicellular organisms; why?

 consequence
 species having asexual reproduction

Many forms of asexual reproduction, for example budding or
fragmentation, produce an exact replica of the parent.
budding
 developing
 beginning
 embryonic
 burgeoning
replica
 duplicate
 facsimile
 reproduction

Some species alternate between the sexual and asexual strategies, an
ability known as heterogamy, depending on conditions. For example, the
freshwater crustacean Daphnia reproduces by parthenogenesis in the
spring to rapidly populate ponds, then switches to sexual reproduction
as the intensity of competition and predation increases.

Progenitors may not always be defined with one particular reproduction method.
Asexual Reproduction
 only one parent, definition
 rare in multicellular organisms; why?

 consequence
 species having asexual reproduction
Bats
 a mammal, Chiroptera
 mistaken for others
 megachiroptera / microchiroptera
 flexible finger bones
 not all are nocturnal

 insectivore
 herbivore
 carnivore
 carnival

cannibal

There are several distinct differences between these suborders, and it
is believed by some that microbats are the original bats, while
megabats evolved from them independently through parallel evolution.

gruesome
 horrific
 ghastly
 grisly

 The social behaviors of bats also vary greatly. Some bats live a
solitary lifestyle while others live in a cave among other bats and
the number of the bats in the same cave could be as great as one
million.

 The separation is necessary for echolocation to function correctly.